Slovenian Folk Dance Music: The Koroška Region

GNI M 39.087 (polka “Brez vej”)
Performed by: Silvester Mohar (1916)
Recorded: Nagelče, 1979

Kačo zvijat or koko vit (Snake coiling) is a group dance where dancers went outdoors, formed a line, held hands and ran, hopped or walked in snake- or spiral-like coils. It is one of the oldest in the dance heritage of all European nations and was mostly danced at weddings or bigger parties. According to the data collected in the Koroška Region, group dance was only present in the eastern part of Podjuna and in Mežiška dolina. It was also called lisičji rej (Fox dance) or jutranjska žlajdra (The morning chain). It was danced to any kind of lively polka which had more parts so that it could be repeated long enough.

GNI M DAT 187/10
Performed by: Slavko Vrabič (1946), Ferdo Piko (1959), Jakob Pisar (1952)
Recorded: Žerjav, 2002

The boys’ dance called kôwo vrtat (Wheel boring) represented boring by turning a wheel and was, according to our data, only known in Zelenbreg pod Strojno. The origin of the dance can be found in its name which is a direct translation of the German “Radbohren”. There is no special tune for the dance; it could be danced to any štajeriš. The one on the CD is an example of what musicians nowadays play to accompany folk dance groups.

GNI M 39.671
Performed by: Franc Sadovnik (1914)
Recorded: Podroje pri Globasnici, 1980

Povštertanc (Pillow dance), derived from the German “der Polstertanz”, is a dance game where the dance partner was chosen with a cushion. The dancer who had the cushion chose his dance partner and threw the cushion in front of her (a woman could also choose her partner). They kneeled onto the cushion and kissed, then danced a polka or a waltz. The same dance game is found throughout Europe; that is why it is believed to be a very old part of the heritage. The dance and its name were taken from the German at the same time as the rest of the dances of German origin. It was widely spread among Carinthian Slovenes but not so much in Ziljska dolina. The tune on the CD was typical of Podjuna where singing in the first part of the dance game was often heard.

GNI M 41.413
Performed by: Martin Bolha (1927)
Recorded: Komel, 1983

Žesltanc (Chair dance), derived from the German “der Sesseltanz”, is a similar dance game. Here, a dancer sat on a chair and the others approached him/her one by one. The sitting dancer chose a partner and then, the same as with povštertanc, they danced a polka or a waltz. Music was always different; when the dancer was choosing the partner, musicians played a three-beat tune (waltz or štajeriš), whereas during the dancing, polka was played. The chair dance game was spread all over the Koroška Region, except in Ziljska dolina. The musician on the recording always played slow štajeriš for the choosing, and changed to alternating polka and waltz in the second part of the dance game; the recording begins with the second part.

GNI M 37.347 (“Zmešana”)
Performed by: Pauli Antonič (1905)
Recorded: Št. Jakob v Rožu, 1977

Another very similar type of dance games where dancers chose their partners was called špegutanc (Mirror dance), derived from the German “der Spiegeltanz”. It was almost the same as the previous one, only here the sitting dancer held a mirror in his hand (the sitting dancer could also be a woman). Other dancers approached him one by one from behind and the sitting dancer chose a partner by looking in the mirror. When he saw a dancer he did not want to dance with, he dismissed her by ‘wiping her off the mirror’ with a handkerchief. When a dancer he liked approached, he nodded to her and they danced a waltz or a polka. Based on the data collected, the dance game was only popular in the eastern part of Podjuna and in Mežiška dolina. In Podjuna, it was also called špigəlrej (another similar expression for the Mirror dance). Musicians played different tunes but they usually alternated three-beat with two-beat ones.

GNI M DAT 211/24
Performed by: Slavko Vrabič (1946)
Recorded: Prevalje, 2002

Dance games with an odd number of dancers were especially popular. It was usually women who stood in a queue, and men (there was one too many) circled around them. On the agreed sign, the men took hold of the nearest woman and started to polka dance. The one left without a partner had to dance with a broom or got a similar forfeit. Sometimes, men and women switched roles. The game was mostly played in Mežiška dolina, less in Podjuna. It was called lisičji raj (Fox dance) or lisičji rep (Fox’s brush). As with other similar dance games, the musicians played different štajeriš tunes or waltzes during the choosing, and different polkas for couples to dance to.

GNI M 38.878 (“Ohcetni marš”)
Performed by: Pavel Lausseger (1911)
Recorded: Žabnica pri Slovenjem Plajberku, 1979

In another variant of dance games with an odd number of dancers, a woman with a broom mingled with the dancing couples. Suddenly, she threw it on the floor or knocked on the floor with the broomstick, and all the women had to find another partner. New couples started dancing again, and the slowest female was left with the broom. The dance lasted for as long as the dancers wished; it was also possible to have an odd number of male dancers. The game was very popular in Mežiška dolina, Podjuna and in parts of Rož; in fact, in most places it is still very much alive. The name of the dance is ples z metlo (Broom dance), or opipani rej or raj (Pulling dance) because the women literally “pulled” the male dancers or competed against each other to get a dancing partner. They danced to different tunes, usually to polka or march, sometimes even to waltz.

GNI M DAT 211/11
Performed by: Slavko Vrabič (1946)
Recorded: Prevalje, 2002

Dances of three are variants of trio or triolet, shorter forms of the contredance, and štajeriš. Only štajeriš of three was danced among Carinthian Slovenes, most often at weddings in Mežiška dolina and in Podjuna. Camar, the conductor of wedding celebrations, first danced a štajeriš with the best man’s wife. He then asked her with a special alpine dance quatrain to fetch him the bride. The three of them then danced a štajeriš together (štajeriš of three). Musicians usually played the štajeriš you can hear on the CD, sometimes they used another tune.

GNI M 37.630
Performed by locals after štehvanje
Recorded: Blače, 1977

Prvi rej (First dance) is still danced in Ziljska dolina, usually on patron saint’s day after štehvanje (a boy’s competitive game on horses). In Zilja, people called it u pərbə. Where štehvanje is not known, people just dance u pərbə. It consists of two parts: first, couples walk in circle and sing a stanza of the song, then they dance to the tune played by musicians. The singing and dancing alternate until the song is finished. The dance we know today is calm and simple; the steps are similar to the basic form of foxtrot. In the first half of the 19th century, people danced it in a lively manner, and they called it visoki rej (High dance). The lively form started dying out in the second half of the 19th century and was replaced by a calmer dance. As it was always the first to be danced after patron saint’s day festivities, it was called prvi rej (First dance). The original name has long been forgotten among the people in Zilja. The recording on the CD was made on patron saint’s day after štehvanje.

GNI M 37.882 (“Hitra polka”)
Performed by: Jurij Mikič (1925)
Recorded: Brnica, 1977

After prvi rej, musicians play a few polkas and waltzes, and after that rajevci and rajevke (the dancers) go to gostilna (the local pub) where the celebration continues. On the CD, you can hear a polka, popular for this occasion.

GNI M 41.446
Sung by: Lekš Kert (1910)
Recorded: Belšak, 1983

At the time of the original visoki rej, a new dance was becoming more and more popular. It was called štajerski ples (Styrian dance), which is the former name of štajeriš. It became one of the most popular dances and remained alive until the 1970’s. Like visoki rej, štajeriš too was a two-part dance with alternating singing and dancing. The form was preserved the longest by Carinthian Slovenes who always performed it at weddings in Rož, Podjuna and in Mežiška dolina. For them, two dance events had special importance: the first dance before the beginning of the wedding feast or right after the first course, and the taking down of the bride’s garland. They were both conducted by the camar (the conductor of wedding celebrations) and his female counterpart, called družička or teta (bridesmaid) who sang and danced alternatingly. A few wedding alpine dance quatrains for the first wedding dance are also included in this CD. They were recorded when an informant was explaining the wedding customs, that is why the instrumental part is missing.

GNI M 39.106
Performed by: Silvester Mohar (1916)
Recorded: Nagelče, 1979

The first dance round at weddings always ended with a polka. Namely, when štajeriš was dying out, only the most important wedding couples (who had to learn the štajeriš for this occasion) and some older people who still remembered it could dance it. When polka started playing, all the wedding guests could join.

GNI M DAT 187/16
Performed by: Slavko Vrabič (1946), Ferdo Piko (1959), Jakob Pisar (1952)
Recorded: Žerjav, 2002

The form of štajeriš in the Koroška Region was simple. The male held his partner’s hand and lifted it over his head. The female turned around her partner’s arm, first right, then left, or her partner turned. Another possibility was for the dancers to hold hands above their heads and turn at the same time or alternatingly. They could also cross hands and turn. More complicated figures were rare. In some places, the dance was lively, in others calm with swinging steps. This was especially true when the dance played a ceremonial role in Mežiška dolina. The tune on the CD comes from Šentanel nad Prevaljami, where it was performed by a folk dance group’s musicians.

GNI M 24.152
Sung by: Kanaufova
Recorded: Dob pri Pliberku, 1959 (Recorded by dr. France Cigan)

Ovsetni štajeriš s petjem poskočnic (Wedding dance štajeriš with alpine dance quatrains). The taking down of the bride’s garland is a ceremony, known throughout the Koroška Region. The entire ceremony was preserved the longest in Mežiška dolina and in the eastern part of Podjuna. It depended solely on how well the camar and the družička prepared for the ceremony, and how many alpine dance quatrains they knew. It was called krenc dow rajat (the taking down of the bride’s garland) and was a singing dialogue between the camar and the družička while the bride and the groom listened. Between the quatrains, both couples danced štajeriš. During the ceremony, the camar and the bridegroom took off their hats and handed them over to the družička and the bride. They took the hats and put their garlands over them, and after long persuasion, they put the hats with the garlands back on the men’s heads. A short polka followed, later the camar and the družička sang a few more opportune quatrains, after which wedding guests started to take leave. You can hear a few quatrains on the CD which were recorded at a reconstruction of the ceremony when former camar and družička showed the researchers the dances and the accompanying songs.

GNI M DAT 187/17
Performed by: Slavko Vrabič (1946), Ferdo Piko (1959), Jakob Pisar (1952)
Recorded: Žerjav, 2002

Majpajerš is one of the variants of the German dance called “Neubayrischer”. According to the data collected, the variants were spread all over the Koroška Region but they were not well preserved, so we only have a full record of the ones from the eastern fringe of Podjuna and from Zelenbreg nad Mežiško dolino. The variants we have come across so far kept the original name, although slightly modified, and the original form with a typical pause in the tune’s third and fourth, and seventh and eighth measures. The pause was filled by dancers who stamped their feet or clapped hands. On the CD you can hear a later instrumental adaptation of the tune, originally sung by Angela Ranc from Zelenbreg when she showed our researchers the dance steps.

GNI M 38.875
Performed by: Pavel Lausseger (1911)
Recorded: Žabnica pri Slovenjem Plajberku, 1979

Zibenšrit (Seven steps dance) has a very interesting form of seven steps and is one of the oldest couple dances. It soon spread among Carinthian Slovenes from their German neighbours. The data shows it was known throughout Ziljska dolina and Mežiška dolina. However, its full form was rarely preserved, that is why we believe it never became an integral part of their tradition. The variants kept the original form, tune and name, the latter usually slightly modified (zimšrit, simšrit, sinšrit).

GNI M DAT 211/29
Performed by: Slavko Vrabič (1946)
Recorded: Prevalje, 2002

The “Neukatolisch” dance was popular throughout German-speaking environment and was adopted by Slovenes as well. But the variants recorded in Spodnji Rož and Mežiška dolina suggest it was not very popular. It was more often danced in the Gorenjska Region (the alpine region in the northwest) and in the Dolenjska Region (the lowlands in the south) where it was brought to from Tyrol. Choreographically, it is similar to zibenšrit; they both take over the whole dance-floor. In Sela pri Borovljah the original name was kept, whereas in Zelenbreg it was called švajcerpolka (Swiss polka) or lizipolka.

GNI M 37.343
Performed by: Pauli Antonič (1905)
Recorded by: Št. Jakob v Rožu, 1977

Mazurka, a dance of Polish origin, moved from the towns’ dance-floors to the countryside in the second half of the 19th century where it changed a bit and, like elsewhere, remained an integral part of the Carinthian Slovenes’ dance repertoire. It was danced up to the first half of the 20th century, but musicians and the people remembered it even longer. It was danced in a simple manner, moving back and forth in small hop-steps or turned right and left. The dance usually kept its original name; in some places it was modified to madzurka, mazolka or mazulka; in Sela pri Borovljah it was even called potrkana (The stamping mazurka). The mazurka was danced to different tunes, which were usually similar to štajeriš; that is why the musicians often mistook one for the other.

GNI M 41.343
Performed by: Franc Klemenjak (1908)
Recorded: Led, 1983

Malender developed from “Varsovienne”, a type of mazurka, and was only known in the Koroška Region (Rož, Podjuna, Mežiška dolina), and in the neighbouring north-eastern part of the Štajerska Region (eastern Slovenia), nowhere else in the country. The first records of it are from the beginning of the 20th century which implies it must have been danced at least two decades before that. All variants of the tune are similar to gorenjski mrzulin (a dance from the neighbouring Gorenjska Region), whereas the dance form is a mélange of mrzulin, waltz and zibenšrit. The origin of the dance’s name is unclear; perhaps two words blended (mazur and lender). Two other very similar names for the same dance were also used; malendra and malendrca.

GNI M 37.888
Performed by: Jurij Mikič (1925)
Recorded: Brnica, 1977

Rašpla is a social dance of Mexican origin which came to Europe between the two world wars and spread to the countryside rapidly. In Slovenia, it became a real folk dance with a lot of variants after the Second World War. Its form was similar to older dances where dancers jumped with both legs simultaneously, which was one of the reasons why it became extremely popular. However, it was not danced much among Carinthian Slovenes as we only have a description of the dance and the accompanying tune from Brnica where the dance was called raspa. It is one of the two-part dances in which the first part consists of different dance figures and the second part is always polka or vrtenica.

GNI M DAT 211/21
Performed by: Slavko Vrabič (1946)
Recorded: Prevalje, 2002

Pastirica (Shepardess) is also one of the older dances where dancers jump with both legs simultaneously, only here the dancers did not jump but touched the ground with the heel of the active foot. In the Koroška Region, the dance was not widely known or had long been forgotten as it was only documented in Sela pri Borovljah, Obirsko and in Mežiška dolina. It originates from the German “Hiatamadl” from western Austria where Slovenians adopted it from and translated its name.

GNI M 41.342
Performed by: Franc Klemenjak (1908)
Recorded: Led, 1983

Just like rašpla and pastirica, šuštarpolka (Shoemaker’s polka) is a two-part dance, too. The dancers kneeled and imitated the shoemaker’s job in the first part (such as the making of shoemaker’s thread, sewing with shoemaker’s thread or pounding wooden nails), and danced polka or vrtenica in the second. The data shows that šuštarpolka was only known in a few places in Rož, Podjuna and in Mežiška dolina. The records of it are relatively rare as it had long been forgotten; in most cases, people could only remember its name. The recording on the CD shows how difficult it was for the musician to remember the forgotten tune. He was also unsure whether the first part should be repeated or not.

GNI M DAT 187/23
Performed by: Slavko Vrabič (1946), Ferdo Piko (1959), Jakob Pisar (1952)
Recorded: Žerjav, 15.3.2002

Vevrca (Wooing dance) is similar to dances like “Jaz sem sirota” (I am an orphan) from Bela Krajina or “Po zelenoj trati” (Over the green grass) from Prekmurje, except that the rhythm is three-beat. It probably originates from the “Rheinländer” type which was known by the German-speaking Carinthians. Vevrca was popular in the same places as pastirica (Sela pri Borovljah, Obirsko, Mežiška dolina); its emergence could therefore be a consequence of folklorism.

GNI M 39.101
Performed by: Silvester Mohar (1916)
Recorded: Nagelče, 1979

Polka spread among Carinthian Slovenes as early as in the second half of the 19th century. Together with the waltz, they are the only two folk dances still danced today. As in other parts of Slovenia, its original form with a hop-step has mostly been abandoned; couples now dance it in a simple three-step manner (with change steps) by turning right or left on the spot or moving along the circle. It is unique for Podjuna that couples predominantly turn left. The different polkas from this CD suggest that the modification of the dance was influenced by musicians as well; namely, they sometimes played so fast that dancers were forced to leave out the hop-step.

GNI M 38.872
Performed by: Pavel Lausseger (1911)
Recorded: Žabnica pri Slovenjem Plajberku, 1979

Instead of polka which requires more dancing skills, Slovenes in the Koroška Region nowadays prefer vrtenica (Spinning dance), the two-step spinning which can either be slow or fast. Vrtenica is sometimes called polka, in spite of the different form; the reason being that it is danced to the same tune. More commonly, however, it is called cvajšrit (Two-step dance) or ajnšrit (One-step dance). The recorded polka consists, like many others, of two parts which is stressed even more with the musician’s use of different styles of bass accompaniment.

GNI M 38.874 (“Ajnšrit”)
Performed by: Pavel Lausseger (1911)
Recorded: Žabnica pri Slovenjem Plajberku, 1979

When dancing vrtenica, couples usually spin in simple steps; in the past, however, these steps were combined with small leaps which made it seem like the whole body was shaking. Such vrtenica was called céprle, cŹprl, or ájnšrit (e.g. in Žabnica pri Slovenjem Plajberku). It was danced to a typical eight-measure tune with a special ending with three stamps. It is no longer danced in the Koroška Region.

GNI M 41.402
Performed by: Martin Bolha (1927)
Recorded: Komel, 1983

Valček (waltz) came to the region as early as in the first half of the 19th century and soon became the most popular dance next to polka, a fact which has not changed in the countryside until today. Apart form the simple waltz, springing waltz was danced until the Second World War or even longer. Characteristic of it was a high spring in each measure, which gave the waltz its name: ta vəsuočə bolcar or ta visoki bolcar (The high waltz). Next to polka, waltz had prime position in the musicians’ repertoire. The tune on the CD was played by a single musician on three instruments simultaneously: accordion, drum and kazoo.

GNI M 39.088 (“Ta stara Rutarca”)
Performed by: Silvester Mohar (1916)
Recorded: Nagelče, 1979

The most widely spread form of waltz is the three-step spinning in right and left on the spot or along the circle. Less skilled dancers dance it with only one step and draw the active foot in the second quarter-note. In Podjuna and in Mežiška dolina, another form of the waltz was popular; it was called ta nizki bolcar (The low waltz) and it was similar to the one-step waltz, only here dancers made a deep kneel in the third quarter-note. The tune for such a waltz had to be slower.

GNI M DAT 211/17
Performed by: Slavko Vrabič (1946)
Recorded: Prevalje, 2002

The Austrian Bauernwalzer is a later variant of the Neubayrischer dance. Its origin is unknown. It spread to Slovenia between both world wars under the name of kmečki valček (Barn dance). The spreading was partly influenced by schools where the folk song Ob bistrem potoku je mlin (There is a mill next to a clear stream) was taught. The dance got its name from that song; mlinček (The little mill). There is not much data in the Koroška Region about it; according to the records it was only danced in Sela pri Borovljah and in some places in Mežiška dolina. Due to its relative youth, the variants have no differences in form.

GNI M 83.956
Sung by: Mira Oraže (1942)
Recorded: Sele pri Borovljah, 1979

Špacir or špacirbolcar (Walk dance) is a two-part dance of German origin in which the two-part, two-beat walk alternated with the waltz. In the Koroška Region, it was danced in Rož, Podjuna and in Mežiška dolina, but it fell into oblivion before the Second World War. It was brought back to life by the folk dance group from Sela pri Borovljah. The dancers follow the pattern of a two-stanza paraphrase which they sing during the dance. The recording on the CD was made when a singer was talking about the dance; she was given the information about it by an older musician.

GNI M 38.974 (“Špacirvalcer”)
Performed by: Valentin Magek (1901)
Recorded: Sele pri Borovljah, 1979

The old musician was Valentin Magek who could still remember and play špacirvalcer (Walk waltz) the way it used to be danced. In the first part, couples held hands and walked in circle, then they waltzed. According to the melody of the first part, it can be assumed the song only had one stanza originally; because of its drinking contents which does not belong to the first one, the second stanza must have been added later. But it was the later two-stanza form that was used for the reconstruction of the dance by the folk dance group from Sela.

GNI M 37.339
Performed by: Pauli Antonič (1905)
Recorded: Št. Jakob v Rožu, 1977

Marši (Marches) were an important part of the musicians’ repertoire and were a must at weddings. The march accompanied wedding guests on their way to the bride, to the wedding ceremony, and out of the church. They were also played for dance since polka or the even easier vrtenica could be danced to them. Marches have retained the important role at weddings; musicians play them to accompany wedding guests on their way home.